An mota yamagetsindi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, ndipo kuyambira pomwe Faraday adapanga mota yoyamba yamagetsi, takhala tikukhala moyo wathu popanda chipangizochi kulikonse.
Masiku ano, magalimoto akusintha mofulumira kuchoka pa kukhala zida zamakanika kupita ku zida zamagetsi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ma mota m'magalimoto kukufalikira kwambiri. Anthu ambiri sangaganize kuti ndi ma mota angati omwe ali m'galimoto yawo, ndipo mawu oyamba otsatirawa akuthandizani kupeza ma mota m'galimoto yanu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito injini m'magalimoto
Kuti mudziwe komwe injini ili mgalimoto yanu, mpando wamagetsi ndiye malo abwino kwambiri oipezera. Mu magalimoto otsika mtengo, injini nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kusintha kwa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo komanso kupendekera kumbuyo. Mu magalimoto apamwamba,mota zamagetsiimatha kulamulira kutalika, mwachitsanzo, kutsamira pansi pa mpando, kuthandizira lumbar, kusintha mutu ndi kulimba kwa mphini, pakati pa zinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda ma mota amagetsi. Zinthu zina zomwe mipando imagwiritsa ntchito ma mota amagetsi ndi monga kupindika mipando yamagetsi ndi kukweza mphamvu ya mipando yakumbuyo.
Ma wipers a pawindo la galimoto ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zamota yamagetsiMagwiritsidwe ntchito m'magalimoto amakono. Kawirikawiri, galimoto iliyonse imakhala ndi injini imodzi yopukutira ma wiper ya ma wiper akutsogolo. Ma wiper a zenera lakumbuyo akutchuka kwambiri ndi ma SUV ndi magalimoto okhala ndi zitseko za m'khola, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma wiper akumbuyo ndi ma motor ofanana nawo amapezeka m'magalimoto ambiri. Injini ina imapopera madzi ochapira ku galasi lakumbuyo, ndipo m'magalimoto ena imapopera magetsi, omwe angakhale ndi wiper yawoyawo yaying'ono.
Pafupifupi galimoto iliyonse ili ndi chofewetsera mpweya chomwe chimayendetsa mpweya kudzera mu makina otenthetsera ndi ozizira; magalimoto ambiri ali ndi mafani awiri kapena kuposerapo m'chipindamo. Magalimoto apamwamba alinso ndi mafani m'mipando kuti azitha kupumira mpweya komanso kugawa kutentha.
Kale, mawindo nthawi zambiri ankatsegulidwa ndi kutsekedwa ndi manja, koma tsopano mawindo amagetsi ndi ofala. Ma injini obisika amakhala pawindo lililonse, kuphatikizapo ma sunroof ndi mawindo akumbuyo. Ma actuator omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mawindo awa akhoza kukhala osavuta ngati ma relay, koma zofunikira pachitetezo (monga kuzindikira zopinga kapena zinthu zomangirira) zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito ma actuator anzeru omwe ali ndi mayendedwe owunikira komanso mphamvu yoyendetsera.
Kusintha kuchoka pakugwiritsa ntchito manja kupita pamagetsi, maloko agalimoto akukhala osavuta. Ubwino wa kuyendetsa galimoto ndi monga zinthu zosavuta monga kugwiritsa ntchito patali, komanso chitetezo chowonjezereka komanso nzeru monga kutsegula yokha pambuyo pa kugundana. Mosiyana ndi mawindo amagetsi, maloko a zitseko zamagetsi ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito pamanja, kotero izi zimakhudza kapangidwe ka injini ndi kapangidwe ka loko ya zitseko zamagetsi.
Zizindikiro zomwe zili pa ma dashboard kapena magulu mwina zinasanduka ma diode otulutsa kuwala (ma LED) kapena mitundu ina ya zowonetsera, koma tsopano dial ndi gauge iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito ma mota ang'onoang'ono amagetsi. Ma mota ena omwe ali mgulu lothandiza amaphatikizapo zinthu zodziwika bwino monga kupindika magalasi am'mbali ndi kusintha malo, komanso ntchito zina zosasangalatsa monga ma tops osinthika, ma pedal obwezeretseka, ndi zogawa magalasi pakati pa dalaivala ndi wokwera.
Pansi pa bonnet, ma mota amagetsi akuchulukirachulukira m'malo ena ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ma mota amagetsi akusintha zida zamakani zoyendetsedwa ndi lamba. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mafani a radiator, mapampu amafuta, mapampu amadzi ndi ma compressor. Pali zabwino zingapo zosintha ntchito izi kuchokera ku lamba woyendetsa kupita ku lamagetsi. Chimodzi ndichakuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma mota oyendetsera mu zida zamakono zamagetsi kumawononga mphamvu zambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito malamba ndi ma pulley, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zabwino monga kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta, kuchepetsa kulemera komanso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa. Ubwino wina ndi wakuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma mota amagetsi m'malo mwa malamba kumalola ufulu wambiri pakupanga makina, chifukwa malo oyikapo mapampu ndi mafani sayenera kukakamizidwa ndi lamba wa serpentine womwe uyenera kumangiriridwa ku pulley iliyonse.
Zochitika muukadaulo wamagalimoto
Ma mota amagetsi ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'malo omwe alembedwa pachithunzi pamwambapa, ndipo, pambuyo pake, pamene galimoto ikukhala yamagetsi kwambiri ndipo kupita patsogolo kwa kuyendetsa ndi luntha kumapangidwa, ma mota amagetsi adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mgalimoto, ndipo mtundu wa ma mota oyendetsera galimotoyo ukusinthanso.
Ngakhale kale magalimoto ambiri m'magalimoto ankagwiritsa ntchito makina oyendera magalimoto a 12V, makina amagetsi awiri a 12V ndi 48V tsopano akuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo makina amagetsi awiri amalola kuti mphamvu zina zamagetsi zambiri zichotsedwe mu batire ya 12V. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 48V ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi kanayi pa mphamvu yomweyo, komanso kuchepetsa kulemera kwa zingwe ndi ma windings a mota. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zingasinthidwe kukhala mphamvu ya 48V kumaphatikizapo ma mota oyambira, ma turbocharger, mapampu amafuta, mapampu amadzi ndi mafani ozizira. Kuyika makina amagetsi a 48V pazinthu izi kungapulumutse pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya mafuta.
Kumvetsetsa Mitundu ya Magalimoto
Magwiritsidwe ntchito osiyanasiyana amafuna ma mota osiyanasiyana, ndipo ma mota amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
1. Kugawa kutengera gwero la mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito - Kutengera gwero la mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito ya mota, imatha kugawidwa m'ma DC motors ndi AC motors. Pakati pawo, AC motors imagawidwanso m'ma single-phase motors ndi ma phase motors atatu.
2. Malinga ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito - malinga ndi kapangidwe ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito yosiyana, motayo ingagawidwe m'magawo a DC motor, asynchronous motor ndi synchronous motor. Ma synchronous motors angagawidwenso m'magawo a permanent magnet synchronous motors, resistance synchronous motors ndi hysteresis motors. Asynchronous motor ingagawidwe m'magawo a induction motor ndi AC commutator motor.
3. Kugawa malinga ndi momwe imayambitsidwira ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito - mota malinga ndi momwe imayambitsidwira ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: mota yoyambira gawo limodzi yopanda unyolo, mota yoyambira gawo limodzi yopanda unyolo, mota yoyambira gawo limodzi yopanda unyolo ndi mota yogawanika yopanda unyolo.
4. Kugawa malinga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito - ma mota amagetsi amatha kugawidwa m'ma mota oyendetsera ndi ma mota owongolera malinga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ma mota oyendetsera amagawidwa m'zida zamagetsi (kuphatikiza kuboola, kupukuta, kupukuta, kupukutira, kudula, kusuntha ndi zida zina) ndi ma mota amagetsi, zida zapakhomo (kuphatikiza makina ochapira, mafani amagetsi, mafiriji, ma air conditioner, matepi ojambulira, ma VCR, ma DVD ojambulira makanema, ma DVD player, ma hoovers, makamera, zowumitsa tsitsi, zometa zamagetsi, ndi zina zotero) ndi ma mota amagetsi ndi makina ndi zida zina zazing'ono zogwiritsidwa ntchito (kuphatikiza zida zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana zamakina, makina ang'onoang'ono, zida zachipatala, zida zamagetsi, ndi zina zotero). Ma mota owongolera amagawidwa m'ma mota oyendera ndi ma servo.
5. Kugawa malinga ndi kapangidwe ka rotor - mota malinga ndi kapangidwe ka rotor ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: cage induction motor (muyezo wakale umatchedwa squirrel cage asynchronous motor) ndi wire-wound rotor induction motor (muyezo wakale umatchedwa wire-wound asynchronous motor).
6. Kugawa malinga ndi liwiro logwirira ntchito - mota malinga ndi liwiro logwirira ntchito ingagawidwe m'magawo a mota zothamanga kwambiri, mota zothamanga pang'ono, mota zothamanga nthawi zonse, mota zothamanga kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, ma mota ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito ma mota a DC opangidwa ndi brushed, omwe ndi njira yachikhalidwe. Ma mota awa ndi osavuta kuyendetsa ndipo ndi otsika mtengo chifukwa cha ntchito yosinthira yomwe imaperekedwa ndi maburashi. Mu ntchito zina, ma mota a DC (BLDC) opanda brushless amapereka zabwino zazikulu pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, zomwe zimachepetsa kulemera ndikupereka mafuta abwino komanso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, ndipo opanga akusankha kugwiritsa ntchito ma mota a BLDC mu ma wipers a windscreen, ma cabin heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) blowers ndi ma pumps. Mu ntchito izi, ma mota nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo mogwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa monga mawindo amagetsi kapena mipando yamagetsi, komwe kusavuta komanso kotsika mtengo kwa ma mota opangidwa ndi brushed kumapitilira kukhala kopindulitsa.
Ma mota amagetsi oyenera magalimoto amagetsi
Kusintha kuchoka pa magalimoto osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri kupita ku magalimoto amagetsi okha kudzapangitsa kuti injini zoyendetsedwa ndi injini zikhale pakati pa galimoto.
Dongosolo loyendetsa mota ndi mtima wa galimoto yamagetsi, yomwe imakhala ndi mota, chosinthira mphamvu, masensa osiyanasiyana ozindikira ndi magetsi. Ma mota oyenera magalimoto amagetsi ndi awa: ma DC motors, ma DC motors opanda brushless, ma asynchronous motors, ma magnet synchronous motors okhazikika, ndi ma switched resistance motors.
Injini ya DC ndi injini yomwe imasintha mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC kukhala mphamvu yamakina, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakukoka mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake abwino owongolera liwiro. Ilinso ndi mawonekedwe a torque yayikulu yoyambira komanso kuwongolera kosavuta, chifukwa chake, makina aliwonse omwe amayamba ndi katundu wolemera kapena omwe amafunikira kuwongolera liwiro lofanana, monga ma rolling mills akuluakulu osinthika, ma winche, ma locomotive amagetsi, ma tram ndi zina zotero, ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma DC motors.
Mota ya DC yopanda burashi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe a magalimoto amagetsi, yokhala ndi makhalidwe a mphamvu yayikulu yothamanga pang'ono, imatha kupereka mphamvu yayikulu yoyambira kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za kuthamanga kwa magalimoto amagetsi, nthawi yomweyo, imatha kuyenda mu liwiro lotsika, lapakati komanso lalikulu, ilinso ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri, m'malo opepuka, ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu. Vuto lake ndilakuti mota yokha ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa mota ya AC ndipo chowongolera ndi chovuta kwambiri kuposa mota ya DC yopukutidwa.
Mota yosasinthasintha, mwachitsanzo, mota yolowetsa mphamvu, ndi chipangizo chomwe rotor imayikidwa mu mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito, ndipo pansi pa mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito, mphamvu yozungulira imapezedwa, motero rotor imazungulira. Kapangidwe ka mota yosasinthasintha ndi kosavuta, kosavuta kupanga ndi kusamalira, ili ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi liwiro lokhazikika, imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za makina ambiri opangira mafakitale ndi ulimi. Komabe, liwiro la mota yosasinthasintha ndi liwiro lake lozungulira la maginito limakhala ndi liwiro lokhazikika lozungulira, motero malamulo a liwiro ndi osauka, osati otsika mtengo ngati mota ya DC, osinthasintha. Kuphatikiza apo, mu ntchito zamphamvu kwambiri, zothamanga pang'ono, ma mota osasinthasintha si oyenera ngati ma mota ogwirizana.
Mota yokhazikika ya maginito yogwirizana ndi injini yogwirizana yomwe imapanga mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito yogwirizana ndi kusonkhezera maginito okhazikika, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati rotor kuti apange mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito, ndipo ma stator windings a magawo atatu amachitapo kanthu kudzera mu armature pansi pa mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafunde a magawo atatu akhale ofanana. Mota yokhazikika ya maginito ndi yaying'ono, yopepuka kulemera, yokhala ndi inertia yaying'ono yozungulira komanso mphamvu yayikulu, yomwe ndi yoyenera magalimoto amagetsi okhala ndi malo ochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha torque-to-inertia, mphamvu yochulukirapo, komanso mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa makamaka pa liwiro lotsika lozungulira, lomwe ndi loyenera kuyambitsa liwiro la galimoto ya pakompyuta. Chifukwa chake, maginito okhazikika a maginito azindikirika nthawi zambiri ndi magalimoto amagetsi am'nyumba ndi akunja ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto angapo amagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, magalimoto ambiri amagetsi ku Japan amayendetsedwa ndi maginito okhazikika a maginito, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Toyota Prius hybrid.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-31-2024